Which of the following conditions can lead to sudden sensory impairments in the elderly?

Glaucoma is a significant condition that can lead to sudden sensory impairments in the elderly, specifically affecting vision. It is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure, causing damage to the optic nerve, which can result in vision loss. In the context of elderly populations, glaucoma may progress without noticeable symptoms initially, but when it becomes acute or severe, individuals may experience a rapid decline in their visual capabilities. This sensory impairment can lead to issues with balance and mobility, significantly impacting the quality of life.

While cognitive decline, osteoporosis, and cardiac issues can affect the elderly, they do not typically cause sudden sensory impairments in the same direct manner as glaucoma does with vision. Cognitive decline relates more to mental processes rather than sensory function, osteoporosis affects bone density and structure but not sensory perception, and while cardiac issues can lead to various physical health problems, they do not straightforwardly relate to sudden impairments in sensory capabilities like glaucoma does. Thus, glaucoma stands out as the condition directly tied to sudden and distinct sensory impairment in the elderly.